G

Genes

Genes are made of DNA and each carries instructions for the production of a specific protein. Genes usually come in pairs, one inherited from each parent. They are passed on from one generation to the next, and are the basic units of inheritance. Any alterations in genes (mutations) can cause inherited disorders.

Gene regulation

Increasing or decreasing the amount of protein produced by a gene.

Gene therapy

A potential method of treatment for genetic disorders by the addition or substitution of a normal gene. Only gene therapy on non-reproductive cells is allowed in humans so the changes cannot be passed on to following generations.

Genetic counselling

Information and support provided by a specialist, usually a doctor or nurse, to people who have genetic conditions in their families, or are concerned about a genetically transmitted condition.

Genetic disorders

Conditions resulting from alterations in the genetic make-up of an individual. They may be caused by defects in single genes or whole chromosomes, parts of which may be lost, duplicated, misplaced or replaced. Genetic disorders can be caused by defects in one or more genes.

Genetic markers

Harmless variations in the DNA which lie close to the site of a disrupted gene. They can be used for ‘tracking’ the inheritance of a condition in a family.

Genetic testing

The examination of an individual’s genetic material to identify any faults which could cause a disorder.

Genome

The complete set of genes in a person or organism.

Glycoprotein

A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached.